“蜜蜂蜇伤导致严重过敏”的文章爆款,符合《指南》吗?
这两天,一篇题为《北京医生“垂死一刻自救经历”刷爆朋友圈!转发可救人一命!》的文章被广泛转发。
其实这篇文章里写的就是蜜蜂蜇伤导致的严重过敏(过敏性休克、喉头水肿),应该如何急救。我对文章有些不同的看法,还好,我认识作者,和他聊了两句:
大家做做选择题吧:
不知道您选的哪些答案,我们先看看ERC(欧洲复苏委员会)有关过敏性休克的急救指南吧。如果您英文好,可以指出我翻译的错误,如果您中文好可以找出我翻译的问题
Recognition of an anaphylaxis
识别严重过敏
Patients can have either an airway and/or breathing and/or circulation problem:患者会出现,气道、呼吸和循环方面的问题:
Airway problems 气道问题
• Airway swelling, e.g., throat and tongue swelling (pharyngeal/laryngeal oedema).气道水肿,比气道和舌头肿胀(喉头水肿)
• Hoarse voice.声音嘶哑
• Stridor.哮鸣音
Breathing problems 呼吸问题
• Shortness of breath. 呼吸困难
• Wheeze. 喘
• Confusion caused by hypoxia. 缺氧导致的神志不清
• Respiratory arrest.呼吸暂停
• Life-threatening asthma with no features of anaphylaxis can be
triggered by food allergy. 食物引发的致命性哮喘可能没有严重过敏的表现
Circulation problems 循环问题
• Pale, clammy. 苍白,湿冷
• Tachycardia. 心动过速
• Hypotension. 低血压
• Decreased conscious level. 意识水平下降
•Myocardial ischaemia and electrocardiograph (ECG) changes even in individuals with normal coronary arteries. 冠状动脉正常的患者出现心肌缺血和心电图改变
• Cardiac arrest. 心跳骤停
Circulation problems (often referred to as anaphylactic shock) can be caused by direct myocardial depression, vasodilation and capillary leak, and loss of fluid from the circulation. Bradycardia is usually a late feature, often preceding cardiac arrest. 循环问题(通常是说过敏性休克)是由于直接的心肌抑制、血管扩张、毛细血管渗漏、液体损失的原因造成。心动过缓往往是晚期表现,通常是心跳骤停的前兆。
Skin and, or mucosal changes 皮肤和粘膜的变化
These should be assessed as part of the exposure when using the ABCDE approach. 当评估患者使用ABCDE流程时,评估到暴露的时候可以看到
• They are often the first feature and present in over 80% of anaphylaxis cases. 皮肤和粘膜的变化往往是80%严重过敏的首发表现
• They can be subtle or dramatic. 皮肤和粘膜的变化可能是缓慢的,也可能是急速的
• There may be just skin, just mucosal, or both skin and mucosal changes any where on the body. 可能仅仅是皮肤,也可能仅仅是粘膜,也可能都有,可以在身体的任何部位。
• There may be erythema, urticaria (also called hives, nettle rash, weals or welts), or angioedema (eyelids, lips, and sometimes in the mouth and throat). 可能有红斑,荨麻疹,或血管神经性水肿(眼睑,嘴唇,有时在口腔和喉咙)。
Most patients who have skin changes caused by allergy do not go on to develop anaphylaxis. 大多数因过敏引起皮肤变化的患者不会继续发生过敏反应。
Treatment of an anaphylaxis
治疗严重过敏
Use an ABCDE approach to recognise and treat anaphylaxis. Treat life-threatening problems as you find them. The basic principles of treatment are the same for all age groups. All patients who have suspected anaphylaxis should be monitored (e.g., by ambulance crew, in the emergency department etc,) as soon as possible. Minimal monitoring includes pulse oximetry, non-invasive blood pressure and 3-lead ECG. 使用ABCDE的方法识别和治疗严重过敏。当发现有威胁生命的问题的时候,立即进行处理。对于所有年龄的患者治疗的原则是一致的。所有怀疑会发生严重过敏的患者,都应该立即开始严密监护(比如:救护人员、急诊室内)。至少要监护:血氧饱和度、非侵入式血压、三导心电图监护。
Patient positioning 患者的体位
Patients with anaphylaxis can deteriorate and are at risk of cardiac arrest if made to sit up or stand up. All patients should be placed in a comfortable position. Patients with airway and breathing problems may prefer to sit up as this will make breathing easier. Lying flat with or without leg elevation is helpful for patients with a low blood pressure (circulation problem). 严重过敏的患者如果取坐位或者站立位,会随时出现心跳骤停。所以,必须让他们采取最舒服的姿势休息。有气道和呼吸问题的患者应该坐位,因为这样有助于呼吸。对于低血压(循环问题)的患者,应该平躺,并抬高或者不抬高下肢。
Remove the trigger if possible 去除过敏因素
Stop any drug suspected of causing anaphylaxis. Remove the stinger after a bee sting. Early removal is more important than the method of removal. Do not delay definitive treatment if removing the trigger is not feasible. 立即停止一切可能导致严重过敏产生的药物。去除蜜蜂的毒刺。早期去除比去除方法更重要。如果去除过敏因素不现实,立即开始确定性治疗。
AHA的HS课程里建议去除毒刺的方法
Cardiorespiratory arrest following an anaphylaxis 严重过敏导致的呼吸心跳骤停
Start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately and follow current guidelines. Prolonged CPR may be necessary. Rescuers should ensure that help is on its way as early advanced life support (ALS) is essential. 立即开始心肺复苏,心肺复苏的时间应该延长。急救者一定要确保高级救援人员已经在路上,因为高级生命支持十分重要。
Airway obstruction 气道梗阻
Anaphylaxis can cause airway swelling and obstruction. This will make airway and ventilation interventions (e.g., bag-mask ventilation, tracheal intubation, cricothyroidotomy) difficult. Call for expert help early. 严重过敏患者会气道肿胀或气道梗阻。这会导致通气(球囊面罩、气管插管、环甲膜切开)困难
Drugs and their delivery 药物的应用
Adrenaline (epinephrine) 肾上腺素
Adrenaline is the most important drug for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Although there are no randomised controlled trials, adrenaline is a logical treatment and there is consistent anecdotal evidence supporting its use to ease breathing and circulation problems associated with anaphylaxis. As an alpha-receptor agonist, it reverses peripheral vasodilation and reduces oedema. Its beta-receptor activity dilates the bronchial airways, increases the force of myocardial contraction, and suppresses histamine and leukotriene release. There are beta-2 adrenergic receptors on mast cells that inhibit activation, and so early adrenaline attenuates the severity of IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Adrenaline seems to work best when given early after the onset of the reaction but it is not without risk, particularly when given intravenously. Adverse effects are extremely rare with correct doses injected intramuscularly (IM). 肾上腺素是治疗严重过敏反应最重要的药物。尽管没有随机对照试验,但肾上腺素是一种合理的治疗方法,并且有一致的证据支持其用于缓解与严重过敏反应相关的呼吸和循环问题。 作为α受体激动剂,它可以逆转外周血管舒张,减轻水肿。 其β受体活性扩张支气管气道,增加心肌收缩力,抑制组胺和白三烯释放。 肥大细胞上存在抑制活化的β-2肾上腺素能受体,因此早期肾上腺素减弱了IgE介导的过敏反应的严重程度。在反应开始后早期给予肾上腺素似乎效果最好,但并非没有风险,特别是静脉注射时。 肌肉注射正确剂量(IM)时,副作用极为罕见。
Adrenaline should be given to all patients with life-threatening features. If these features are absent but there are other features of a systemic allergic reaction, the patient needs careful observation and symptomatic treatment using the ABCDE approach. 对于有所有致命性表现的患者都必须给予肾上腺素。如果没有那些严重过敏的表现,也要使用ABCDE的流程严密监护和系统性治疗。
Intramuscular (IM) adrenaline. 肌肉注射肾上腺素
The intramuscular (IM) route is the best for most individuals who have to give adrenaline to treat anaphylaxis. Monitor the patient as soon as possible (pulse, blood pressure, ECG, and pulse oximetry). This will help monitor the response to adrenaline. The IM route has several benefits: 肌肉注射肾上腺素。肌肉注射是针对严重过敏症患者使用肾上腺素的最佳途径。尽早的监护患者(脉搏、血压、心电、血氧)。这些指标可以用来观察患者对肾上腺素的反应。肌肉注射有如下好处:
• There is a greater margin of safety. 安全范围更大。
• It does not require intravenous access.不需要静脉通路
• The IM route is easier to learn. 肌肉注射容易学会
The best site for IM injection is the anterolateral aspect of the middle third of the thigh. The needle for injection needs to be long enough to ensure that the adrenaline is injected into muscle. The subcutaneous or inhaled routes for adrenaline are not recommended for the treatment of anaphylaxis because they are less effective than the IM route. 最佳的肌肉注射位置是大腿中间三分之一的前外侧。针头的长度要确保肾上腺素可以注射到肌肉内。皮下和吸入的方式不如肌肉注射有效。
Adrenaline IM dose. 肾上腺素肌肉注射剂量
The evidence for there commended doses is weak. Doses are based on what is considered to be safe and practical to draw up and inject in an emergency. (The equivalent volume of 1:1000 adrenaline is shown in brackets) 具体注射剂量的推荐证据不强。但是基于紧急情况下安全和实用的原则制定的。(括号中显示的为1:1000肾上腺素的等效体积)
>12 years and adults 大于12岁的患者: 500ug IM (0.5 ml)
>6–12 years 6-12岁的患者: 300ug IM (0.3 ml)
>6 months–6 years 6个月到6岁的患者: 150ug IM (0.15 ml)
<6 months 小于6个月的患者: 150ug IM (0.15 ml)
Repeat the IM adrenaline dose if there is no improvement in the patient’s condition. Further doses can be given at about 5-min intervals according to the patient’s response.如果患者的病情没有改善,重复肌肉注射上述剂量的肾上腺素。 根据患者的反应,可以以约5分钟的间隔给予进一步的剂量。
Intravenous (IV) adrenaline (for specialist use only). There is a much greater risk of causing harmful side effects by inappropriate dosage or misdiagnosis of anaphylaxis when using IV adrenaline. Intravenous adrenaline should be used only by those experienced in the use and titration of vasopressors in their normal clinical practice (e.g., anaesthetists, emergency physicians, intensive care doctors). In patients with a spontaneous circulation, intravenous adrenaline can cause life-threatening hypertension, tachycardia, arrhythmias, and myocardial ischaemia. If IV access is not available or not achieved rapidly, use the IM route for adrenaline. Patients who are given IV adrenaline must be monitored – continuous ECG and pulse oximetry and frequent non-invasive blood pressure measurements as a minimum. Patients who require repeated IM doses of adrenaline may benefit from IV adrenaline. It is essential that these patients receive expert help early. 静脉注射(IV)肾上腺素(仅限专科医生)。 当使用静脉注射肾上腺素时,不恰当的剂量或过敏反应的误诊造成有害副作用的风险要大得多。 有静脉注射肾上腺素使用经验的医务人员人员才可以静脉注射肾上腺素(例如,麻醉师,急诊医师,重症监护医生)。 在有自主循环的患者中,静脉注射肾上腺素会导致危及生命的高血压,心动过速,心律失常和心肌缺血。 如果静脉通道无法快速实现,应该肌肉注射肾上腺素。 必须监测给予静脉注射肾上腺素的患者 - 连续心电图和脉搏血氧饱和度测定以及频繁的无创血压测量。 需要反复肌肉注射肾上腺素的患者可能受益于静脉注射肾上腺素。 这些患者必须尽早获得专家帮助。
Oxygen (give as soon as available) 给氧(尽早)
Initially, give the highest concentration of oxygen possible using a mask with an oxygen reservoir. Ensure high-flow oxygen (usually greater than 10 litres min−1) to prevent collapse of the reservoir during inspiration. If the patient’s trachea is intubated, ventilate the lungs with high concentration oxygen using a self-inflating bag. 初始就应该使用带储氧囊的面罩,尽可能提供最高浓度的氧气。 确保高流量氧气(通常大于10升/分钟)以防止吸气期间储氧囊塌陷。 如果患者已经气管插管,要连接储氧囊进行高浓度氧气通气。
Fluids (give as soon as available) 液体复苏(尽早)
Large volumes of fluid may leak from the patient’s circulation during anaphylaxis. There will also be vasodilation. If there is intravenous access, infuse intravenous fluids immediately. Give a rapid IV fluid challenge (20 ml kg−1) in a child or 500–1000 ml in an adult) and monitor the response; give further doses as necessary. There is no evidence to support the use of colloids over crystalloids in this setting. Consider colloid infusion as a cause in a patient receiving a colloid at the time of onset of an anaphylaxis and stop the infusion. A large volume of fluid may be needed. If intravenous access is delayed or impossible, the intra-osseous route can be used for fluids or drugs. Do not delay the administration of IM adrenaline attempting intra-osseous access. 在过敏反应期间,由于毛细血管通透性增加,大量的液体会从患者的血液循环中流失。也会有血管扩张。 如果有静脉通路,立即注入静脉注射液体。给予快速补液:儿童(20 ml/kg)或成人500-1000 ml,并监测效果; 必要时重复。 没有证据支持胶体液优于晶体液。尽量使用大号的针头快速输注液体。如果静脉通路不能尽快建立,就考虑骨内通路输注液体或药物。不能因为要建立骨通路,而延误肌肉注射肾上腺素!
Antihistamines (after initial resuscitation) 抗组胺药(初步复苏后)
Antihistamines are a second line treatment for anaphylaxis. The evidence to support their use is weak, but there are logical reasons for them. Antihistamines (H1-antihistamine) help counter histamine-mediated vasodilation and bronchoconstriction. There is little evidence to support the routine use of an H2-antihistamine (e.g., ranitidine, cimetidine) for the initial treatment of an anaphylaxis. 抗组胺药是治疗严重过敏反应的二线治疗药物。 虽然在逻辑上是合理的,但支持其使用的证据很弱。 抗组胺药(H1-抗组胺药)有助于抵抗组胺介导的血管舒张和支气管收缩。几乎没有证据支持使用H2-抗组胺药(例如雷尼替丁,西咪替丁)进行严重过敏反应的初始治疗。
Steroids (give after initial resuscitation) 激素(初始复苏之后使用)
Corticosteroids may help prevent or shorten protracted reactions although the evidence is very limited. In asthma, early corticosteroid treatment is beneficial in adults and children. There is little evidence on which to base the optimum dose of hydrocortisone in anaphylaxis. 虽然证据非常有限,但皮质类固醇可能有助于预防或缩短长期的过敏反应。在哮喘中,早期皮质类固醇治疗对成人和儿童有益。几乎没有证据可以告诉我们氢化可的松在严重过敏反应中的恰当剂量。
Other drugs 其他药物
Bronchodilators. 支气管扩张药
The presenting symptoms and signs of a severe anaphylaxis and life-threatening asthma can be the same. Consider further bronchodilator therapy with salbutamol (inhaled or IV), ipratropium (inhaled), aminophyline (IV) or magnesium (IV) (see Section 8f above). Intravenous magnesium is a vasodilator and can make hypotension worse. 严重过敏反应和危及生命的哮喘的症状和体征可能相同。可以使用沙丁胺醇(吸入或静脉注射),异丙托溴铵(吸入),氨茶碱(静脉)。
Cardiac drugs.
Adrenaline remains the first line vasopressor for the treatment of anaphylaxis. There are animal studies and case reports describing the use of other vasopressors and inotropes (noradrenaline, vasopressin, terlipressin metaraminol, methoxamine, and glucagon) when initial resuscitation with adrenaline and fluids has not been successful. Use these drugs only in specialistsettings (e.g., intensive care units) where there is experience in their use. Glucagon can be useful to treat anaphylaxis in a patient taking a beta-blocker. Some case reports of cardiac arrest suggest cardiopulmonary bypass or mechanical support of circulation may also be helpful. 肾上腺素也是治疗严重过敏反应的第一线缩血管药。当肾上腺素和液体的初始复苏未成功时,有动物研究和病例报告描述其他缩血管药和强心药物(去甲肾上腺素,血管加压素,特利加压素,间羟胺,甲氧胺和胰高血糖素)的使用。 仅在具有使用经验的专业人员(例如重症监护病房)中可以使用这些药物。 胰高血糖素可用于治疗服用β受体阻滞剂的严重过敏反应患者。一些心脏骤停的病例报告表明,体外循环或机械循环支持也可能有所帮助。
Investigations
检查
Undertake the usual investigations appropriate for a medical emergency, e.g., 12-lead ECG, chest X-ray, urea and electrolytes, arterial blood gases etc. 采取适用于医疗紧急情况的常规检查:例如12导联心电图,胸部X光,尿和电解质,动脉血气等。
Mast cell tryptase 肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶
The specific test to help confirm a diagnosis of anaphylaxis is measurement of mast cell tryptase. Tryptase is the major protein component of mast cell secretory granules. In anaphylaxis, mast cell degranulation leads to markedly increased blood tryptase concentrations. Tryptase concentrations in the blood may not increase significantly until 30 min or more after the onset of symptoms, and peak 1–2 h after onset. The half-life of tryptase is short (approximately 2 h), and concentrations may be back to normal within 6–8 h, so timing of any blood samples is very important. The time of onset of the anaphylaxis is the time when symptoms were first noticed. 有助于确认过敏反应诊断的具体测试是肥大细胞类胰蛋白酶的测量。类胰蛋白酶是肥大细胞分泌颗粒的主要蛋白质成分。在严重过敏反应中,肥大细胞脱粒导致血液类胰蛋白酶浓度显着增加。在症状发作后30分钟或更长时间内,血液中的类胰蛋白酶浓度可能不会显着增加,在发病后1-2小时达到峰值。 类胰蛋白酶的半衰期很短(约2小时),并且浓度可能在6-8小时内恢复正常,因此采集血液样本的时间非常重要。 严重过敏反应发作的时间是首次出现过敏症状的时间。
(a) Minimum: one sample at 1–2 h after the start of symptoms. 至少:症状开始后1-2小时的一个样本。
(b) Ideally: three timed samples: 理想:三个时间的样本
• Initial sample as soon as feasible after resuscitation has started – do not delay resuscitation to take sample. 初始样本应该在复苏开始后尽快采集 - 不要延迟复苏取样。
• Second sample at 1–2 h after the start of symptoms 第二个样本,在症状开始后1-2小时左右。
• Third sample either at 24 h or in convalescence (for example in a follow-up allergy clinic). This provides baseline tryptase levels – some individuals have an elevated baseline level. 第三个样本,在症状发作24小时左右,或恢复期(例如在后续随诊的诊所)。 这提供了类胰蛋白酶的基线水平 - 一些个体具有较高的基线水平。
Serial samples have better specificity and sensitivity than a single
measurement in the confirmation of anaphylaxis. 多个样本比单一样品在确诊严重过敏上,有更好的特异性和灵敏性。
Discharge and follow-up
出院和随诊
Patients who have had suspected anaphylaxis (i.e., an airway, breathing or circulation (ABC) problem) should be treated and then observed in a clinical area with facilities for treating lifethreatening ABC problems. Patients with a good response to initial treatment should be warned of the possibility of an early recurrence of symptoms and in some circumstances should be kept under observation. The exact incidence of biphasic reactions is unknown. Although studies quote an incidence of 1–20%, it is not clear whether all the patients in these studies actually had an anaphylaxis and whether the initial treatment was appropriate. There is no reliable way of predicting who will have a biphasic reaction. It is therefore important that decisions about discharge are made for each patient by an experienced clinician. 怀疑患有严重过敏反应(即呼吸道,呼吸或循环(ABC)问题)的患者都应进行治疗,并严密监测ABC,如有问题需要立即处理。 对初始治疗反应良好的患者也要小心症状复发的可能性,所以应该持续监护。确切的复发概率尚不清楚。尽管有研究表明复发率为1-20%,但尚不清楚这些研究中的所有患者是否确实患有严重过敏反应发生,以及初始治疗是否恰当。 没有可靠的方法来预测谁会复发。 因此,由经验丰富的临床医生为每位患者做出是否出院的决定是很重要的。
Before discharge from hospital all patients must be: 出院前必须:
• Reviewed by a senior clinician. 有经验的医生复诊
• Given clear instructions to return to hospital if symptoms return. 如果症状反复,明确告知患者需要返回医院就诊。
• Considered for antihistamines and oral steroids therapy for up to 3 days. This is helpful for treatment of urticaria and may decrease the chance of further reaction. 应该使用抗组胺药和口服类固醇治疗至少3天。 这有助于治疗荨麻疹,并可能降低进一步反应的机会。
• Considered for an adrenaline auto-injector, or given a replacement. 给患者处方肾上腺素笔,或者更换使用过的肾上腺素笔。
• Have a plan for follow-up, including contact with the patient’s general practitioner. 制定后续随访计划,包括与患者的全科医生联系。
An adrenaline auto-injector is an appropriate treatment for patients at increased risk of idiopathic anaphylaxis, or for anyone at continued high risk of reaction, e.g., to triggers such as venom stings and food-induced reactions (unless easy to avoid). An autoinjector is not usually necessary for patients who have suffered drug-induced anaphylaxis, unless it is difficult to avoid the drug. Ideally, all patients should be assessed by an allergy specialist and have a treatment plan based on their individual risk. 肾上腺素笔对于特发性严重过敏症患者(例如毒液叮咬和食物诱导的严重过敏反应(除非易于避免))是适当的治疗。 对于药物过敏反应的患者,通常不需要自动注射器,除非难以避免使用该药物。 理想情况下,所有患者都应由过敏专家进行评估,并根据个人风险制定治疗计划。
Individuals provided with an auto-injector on discharge from hospital must be given instructions and training on when and how to use it. Ensure appropriate follow-up including contact with the patient’s general practitioner. All patients presenting with anaphylaxis should be referred to an allergy clinic to identify the cause, and thereby reduce the risk of future reactions and prepare the patient to manage future episodes themselves. Patients need to know the allergen responsible and how to avoid it. Patients need to be able to recognise the early symptoms of anaphylaxis, so that they can summon help quickly and prepare to use their emergency medication. Although there are no randomised clinical trials, there is evidence that individualised action plans for self-management should decrease the risk of recurrence. 在出院时拿到处方肾上腺素笔的个人必须获得关于何时以及如何使用肾上腺素笔的说明和培训。 确保适当的随访,包括与患者的全科医生联系。所有出现严重过敏反应的患者都应该转诊到过敏专科,以确定病因,从而降低未来发生严重反应的风险,并让患者自己管理过敏风险。患者需要知道过敏原是什么,以及如何避免接触过敏原。患者需要能够识别严重过敏反应的早期症状,以便他们能够快速寻求帮助并准备使用他们的急救药物。 虽然没有随机临床试验,但有证据表明个体化的自我严重过敏风险管理可以降低严重过敏的再发风险。
终于翻译完了
还好,就这一句:
Administer a second intramuscular dose of adrenaline to indi-viduals in the pre-hospital environment with anaphylaxis that has not been relieved within five to fifteen min by an initial intramuscular auto-injector dose of adrenaline. A second intramuscular dose of adrenaline may also be required if symptoms re-occur.
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北京医生“垂死一刻自救经历”刷爆朋友圈!转发可救人一命!
我是一名北京急诊医生。下面这两个病例是我亲身经历,结局是一死一活。这两个病人在垂死一刻完全不同的自救,值得所有人深思、借鉴、学习。
两个病人,一死一活——
这是我在急诊夜班时发生的事。医院的急诊无论何时都是人来人往,一位50岁的男性,走进了我的诊室。
“医生,给我看看,刚才被蜜蜂蜇了,现在全身痒,起了不少疹子。”病人边说边把一只被拍死的蜜蜂递给我看:“这是这种土蜂蜇的,劲儿还挺大。”
我示意他脱掉上衣,查看被蜜蜂蜇到的颈部,发现仍有蜂刺刺入而未拔出。我带他到换药室,马上对其完整的取出了毒刺。但当撩起他衣服的时候我却发现前胸、后背,腹部,大腿布满了红色密集的皮疹。
“除了痒,有心慌憋气的感觉吗?”我急切地问。
“没有,就是被土蜂子蜇了一下,您给我开点外用止痒的药就行。”他若无其事地说。
“止痒药肯定要给您用,但是您现在已经过敏了,没有出现憋气、呼吸困难有可能是暂时的,应该去抢救室,给您系统抗过敏治疗,防止症状加重。”
“不用,不用,还去抢救室,就被蜇一下,没什么大不了的,我本来都不想过来,孩子不放心,您就给我开点止痒药,我回家了,还去什么抢救室。”病人有些不耐烦了。
“蜜蜂蜇一下虽然是小事,但是您已经出现了过敏现象,为了防止过敏引起的休克和喉头水肿引起的呼吸困难,一定要治疗和观察后才能回家......”我还想再进一步解释,但这个时候病人突然面色潮红,呼吸急促,眼皮半睁半闭,身体摇摇晃晃。我赶紧一把抱住了他。
就在我抱住他的那一刻,他的身子完全软了下来,差点我们俩一起摔倒。在病人孩子的帮助下,将他扶到诊室的床上,孩子搂着他,惊慌地看着我不知所措。
我迅速通知抢救室推来平车,将他推入抢救室,吸氧、静脉输液扩容、大剂量激素抗过敏性休克治疗等,我甚至还请喉科来会诊以防喉头水肿压迫气管紧急行气管切开。
10分钟后,患者睁开了眼,血压也恢复了正常,呼吸也变得平稳了。3个小时后,患者无不适症状,在孩子的陪同下离开了抢救室。
临走时特意到诊室和我说了声谢谢,说我救了他一条命。我说真要谢就谢你自己吧,幸亏你被蜜蜂蜇了后出现不适,听从了孩子的建议,能第一时间来医院,为你自己、也为我们争取了宝贵的时间。经过了这件事,我想以后他一定会对蜜蜂会更加”情有独钟“的。
这个病人是幸运的,及时来到医院,及时治疗,没有出现严重后果。但是这让我想起我曾接诊过的一个叫朵朵的小女孩。也是在夏天,城里的一对年轻父母带着5岁的女儿回姥姥家,姥姥家在农村。
这个季节正是鲜花盛开的时候,当朵朵在花丛中玩耍时不小心被一只蜜蜂蜇到了手,疼得哭着喊着叫妈妈。一家人看着朵朵疼得一直哭都很着急,最后还是姥爷有办法,拿出牙膏涂在了蜇伤处。似乎有了些效果,朵朵不哭了。
一家人这才放下心来,各自走开干别的事情去了。但是,20分钟后,朵朵的妈妈切好了一盘水果端去给朵朵吃时,随着盘子清脆的摔碎声和妈妈的尖叫,一家人冲进了屋子里。朵朵趟在地上不停地抽搐、呕吐、眼皮肿得根本睁不开,小脸通红,身上密密麻麻的红色疹子。
一家人慌了,抱起朵朵冲出了家门。然而,一家人并没有选择只有3分钟路程的就近医院,而是选择了30分钟路程的当地一家大医院。
那天正好我值班,朵朵送到医院时早已没有了呼吸和心跳。我们努力地抢救,努力地想把朵朵从死神手里夺回来,努力地盼着奇迹出现,但是奇迹最终还是没有出现。
妈妈抱着冰冷的朵朵,爸爸抱着悲痛的妈妈,姥姥已经哭得晕了过去,姥爷用拳头捶打着地板,讲述着事情的经过......抢救的医生护士都哭了,我忍着眼泪,不敢直视他们,宣布了临床死亡。
转身后我的眼睛也模糊了。我甚至不敢去告诉这一家人:如果当时抱着孩子去3分钟就能到的就近医院治疗,朵朵有九成活来下的可能。
他们错了,他们耽误了孩子最佳的抢救时间。我心里好难受,后来的一个班,一个护士对我说,那天那个小女孩真可惜,回家后妈妈抱着自己的女儿哭了好久。
请把这些自救技能和常识转给所有人——
这两个病例一死一活,教训极为惨痛!我想告诉所有人,当您或您身边的人被蜜蜂蜇伤后:第一,立即用针头或者注射器挑出毒刺;第二,肥皂水反复冲洗;第三,局部红肿发痒可外用药膏观察;第四,若全身出现皮疹、恶心呕吐、心慌憋气、大小便失禁等不适症状时,一定要切记立刻就近就医。
以上这些经历是我今年4月份写的一篇科普文章。今天之所以通过“三甲传真”再发布出来,是想告诉更多的人:这篇文章,最近又救了一条命!
前段时间我白班时和往常一样在诊室忙碌着,突然抢救室呼叫:“蜂蜇伤,过敏性休克,昏迷!”
我放下手中一切奔向抢救室。这是一个50多岁的农民,全身大片大片疹子,呼吸困难,面色潮红,眼睑肿得拔不开眼皮,大小便失禁,血压测不到,心率130次每分。
我和我的同事迅速进行抢救,20分钟后患者脱离生命危险。
患者是我们当地一个社区120送来的,120在第一时间给予吸氧,开放静脉通道、补液、激素治疗。在患者的情况渐渐好转后,我对患者的女儿说:“多亏第一时间就近治疗后120送至我院,要不然等到喉头严重水肿完全压迫气道,可能真的来不及了。”
没想到我却听到了120随车医生说:“不用谢我,应该谢谢你,他女儿说看过一篇文章写的是蜜蜂蜇伤后出现过敏应该就近就医,她一路上一直在说。”
患者的女儿听着我俩的对话,看了看我惊讶地问:“那篇小女孩被蜜蜂蜇伤的文章是您写的?”她飞快掏出手机,把那篇收藏的文章递给我。
我笑了笑,点了点头。没想到,她“扑通”一声,真的是扑通一下,竟然跪在了我面前:“老天开眼啊,我爸爸命大啊,是您的这篇文章救了我爸!”
我蹲下去,一旁的护士帮忙和我一起扶起了她。后来我才知道,当老人被蜜蜂蜇伤后,并没有去医院,而是回家了,说全身无力,眼皮都抬不起来。其女儿发现不对,赶紧请邻居开车送老人去医院,刚开始大家一致认为要直接来我们医院,他家的距离到我院大概40分钟的车程,但是女儿看过我的那篇文章后执意要去就近医院先用上药,尔后用120转院。
老人生生在鬼门关上转了一圈,我不经背后有些发凉,但同时我也更加深刻地认识到,科普是有温度的!是有生命的!是关键时刻能救命的!
最后,我还是想再一次提醒所有人,夏季户外活动或游玩时,如果遇到蜜蜂蜇伤后:第一,立即用针头或者注射器挑出毒刺;第二,肥皂水反复冲洗;第三,局部红肿发痒可外用药膏观察;第四,若全身出现皮疹、恶心呕吐、心慌憋气、大小便失禁等不适症状时,一定要切记立刻就近就医。
一定要注意:蜜蜂蜇伤后拔出蜇刺是错误的!正确的方法是用针头或者注射器挑出毒刺。因为当用镊子或钳子夹住毒刺的那一刻,有可能把毒刺内的残留毒液再次注入人体内,加重过敏反应。(本文授权改写自微信公号“医路向前巍子”;id:yiluxiangqianweizi)
急救手册:蜜蜂蜇伤!
人被蜂刺后,局部有疼痛、红肿、麻木等症状,数小时后能自愈;少数伴有全身中毒症状,刺伤处出现水疱。
1.局部处理
伤口残留毒刺的立即拔出或用针挑出,但勿挤压蛰伤处,以免增加毒液的吸收;也不可用嘴吸出毒素,那样可能让毒素从口腔的微小损伤进入体内。蜜蜂蛰伤,因其毒液多为酸性,可用肥皂水、3%氨水或5%碳酸氢钠液涂敷蛰伤局部;黄蜂蜂毒与蜜蜂蜂毒不一样,为弱碱性,所以局部可用食醋或1%醋酸擦洗伤处;
2.止痛
蛰伤局部疼痛剧烈时可在伤口近心端皮下注射盐酸吐根碱30毫克;
3.全身症状处理
轻者可口服抗组胺药;重者皮下注射或肌注1∶1000肾上腺素0.5~1毫升或静脉滴注氢化可的松100~200毫克或地塞米松5~10毫克。
4、当蜂毒剧烈,一旦因过敏性休克发生心跳呼吸停止的则应立即现场进行心肺复苏;并等待急救车前来救援。
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